os+immune+SAC

One of the criteria for the immune response SAC requires you to show your progress in developing your presentation. On this page you should have the following. You should show your planning of the presentation, such as the images chosen and information you want to convey. This includes how you broke up your topic into the various sections. You should also include why you sequenced the images the way you did and the collating of information. It is important that you acknowledge any sources of information (including images) below. You will also need to upload your audio file onto this page.

The reason I chose to **antibody serums** was because it the one of the dot points that I know about least. My only concern with choosing this one, was that it doesn't seem to be a major part of the //area of study//, and it may be more beneficial to choose a dot point which I see as more central to the entire notion of Immunity. Nonetheless, I have stuck to this dot point, and will breifly cover the main points of the immune response, thereby further strengthening my understanding of Immunity and develping my understanding of vaccines specifically.

An An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells. The Lymphatic System is a major component of Mammalian immunity. The immune system consists of a Non- specific and specific immunity. Non-specific immunity occurs when no memory is formed, whilst specific immunity involves the production of memory cells. Non-specific immunity consists of the first line of defence, as well as the second line of defence. The first Line of defence is the barriers of entry for the pathogen. Examples of these barriers include: - Intact Skin which prevents against direct contact - The Digestive system which protects against pathogens ingested in food or drink - Respiratory system which protects against water droplets in the air - And the reproductive tract and urinary tract which fight against pathogens contracted during sexual contact. The second line of defence is that that detects and responds to the pathogen regardless of its type. The second line of defence comes into action when the first line of defence fails. Examples of the second line of defence include: - The actions of Cytokines, Interferon, complement, Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells. The responses by the body that can be seen by the naked eye are Inflammation, Blood Clotting and Fever.

Specific immunity consists of the third line of defence. Specific immunity results in the formation of memory by the organism. Once a pathogen or other foreign material has entered the body, it is not only bombarded by your non-specific defences- the first and second lines of defence, but it is also subject to attack by cells of the immune system- the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. This system is slower to take action, but is more specific in the attack.

An organism is able to detect the cells that don’t belong to them by recognising protein molecules on the surface of cells. These protein molecules on the surface of cells are called Antigens. Antigens are specific for each individual. The cells of your immune system are able to distinguish self antigens (your own) from non-self (those of another organism or a different person). It is the binding of antigen to receptor which triggers the specific immune response. Antibodies are peptide molecules that bind together. Each chain consists of a constant region, which is the same or similar in all antibodies, and a variable region, which is different in different antibodies. The pair of variable regions at the tip of each molecule forms a binding site These antibodies are needed to bind to the antigens on the surface of cells. There are four ways of acquiring antibodies and therefore acquiring immunity too. Natural Active immunity occurs as a result of an infection by an antigen when the body actually produces its own memory B and T cells which protect us against further infection. Active immunity involves the memory of the immune response. Artificial Active immunity is when Antigens (from weakened/ attenuated or dead fragments of pathogens are introduced as a vaccine that stimulates antibody production, so that if the pathogen infects the organism again, it has the memory cells and can recognise the non-self cell, and respond quicker and more efficiently. Natural Passive immunity is passed on from mother to foetus during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Infants don’t have their own antibodies- so they obtain their antibodies from their mother via the placenta. Passive immunity is when no memory is formed. Artificial Passive immunity is when antibodies (from other organisms) are introduced to combat antigens that are already present. A person doesn’t produce their own antibodies and immunity is only for short periods.

The introduction of antibody serums from animals, is what we know as Artificial passive immunity- where we don’t produce our own antibodies to the pathogen, but we can fight against the invasion using another’s antibodies. A serum is an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates. This is also known as the blood plasma with the clotting elements removed. Antivenins are such antibodies. They are created in animals such as horses or cows, using small amounts of snake or spider venom. The antibodies formed are isolated from the animal's blood, purified and used to stop the effects of the venom in humans which are unfortunate enough to be bitten. The antivenins found in animal serum are used in medicine to treat poisoning caused by animal or insect venom. Some people can have adverse affects Of serum and can turn out anaphylactic to the serum, people can have skin tests for horse serum sensitivity prior to use. This is because many antitoxins and antivenins are from horse serums. Antibody serums are important in the development of medicine and technology as

An **References used:** A+ Biology notes unit 3 - Diane Canavan 2004 Year 12 Lecture Series (Biology mid-year exam- student lecture matrerial) Evergreen Quest Pty.Ltd (2009)

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